Appendix I

Introduction

This appendix offers a brief overview of psychedelics for those unfamiliar with the topic. Given the vastness of this subject, encompassing its history, effects, and cultural impact, it would take thousands of pages to cover it comprehensively. Therefore, some generalizations and simplifications have been necessary to provide a concise background within the limited space available.

Psychedelics are substances that change how the brain perceives the world. They affect all the senses, altering what someone sees, hears, feels, tastes, and smells. People who use these substances might experience a world that looks brighter, sounds different, or feels altered in time and space. They also have a deep impact on how people think about themselves and the world. The experiences can vary widely from person to person. Some might have deep emotional moments or feel a sense of connection with the universe, while others might revisit memories in new ways.

The effects of psychedelics come from their interaction with the brain’s serotonin receptors. Serotonin is a chemical that nerves use to communicate. Psychedelics temporarily change how these nerves talk to each other, leading to their profound effects. Most psychedelics come from plants or fungi. Common examples include LSD, derived from a fungus that grows on rye, and psilocybin, found in certain mushrooms. These substances have been used for thousands of years, often in religious or spiritual rituals.

Ancient History

The use of psychedelics dates back thousands of years. Many ancient cultures used these substances for religious and healing purposes. One of the first known uses is in shamanism, a spiritual practice where shamans enter altered states of consciousness to interact with the spirit world, often using natural psychedelic substances. In North America, Native American tribes used peyote, a cactus that contains mescaline, a natural psychedelic. They used it in religious ceremonies to heal the sick and connect with the spiritual world. These ceremonies are still practiced today, showing the deep cultural significance of psychedelics.

Across the ocean, in ancient Greece, the Eleusinian Mysteries were rituals that may have involved psychedelics. Participants in these secret ceremonies used a potion called kykeon, which some historians believe contained a psychedelic fungus. This was part of a ritual to connect with the divine and gain spiritual insight. Other cultures around the world have their own history with psychedelics. In South America, the use of ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew made from plants, dates back hundreds of years. It is used in ceremonies to cleanse the body and mind and to receive spiritual guidance. These early uses of psychedelics show that many different cultures saw these substances as tools to explore the mind and the universe. They played a significant role in the spiritual and medicinal practices of many societies.

Phenomenology

At lower doses, psychedelics often produce subtle yet noticeable alterations in sensory perception. Users may experience enhanced visual vividness, increased sensitivity to light, and pronounced color saturation. Surfaces may appear to warp or breathe, and patterns may take on a life of their own with swirling, morphing qualities. This phenomenon can also include pareidolia, where the mind perceives recognizable shapes or patterns in random or ambiguous visual stimuli.

Higher doses typically amplify these effects dramatically, leading to profound changes in perception that may include visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. Users might report seeing geometric patterns or fractal-like images even with their eyes closed (closed-eye visuals). Auditory changes can include hearing sounds with increased clarity or experiencing auditory hallucinations where none existed before.

Psychedelics can profoundly alter cognitive and emotional states. Users often report a diminished sense of ego or self, referred to as “ego dissolution,” where the boundaries between the self and the outside world become blurred. This can lead to feelings of unity and interconnectedness with other people, nature, or the universe—a state often described as mystical or spiritual.

Emotionally, these experiences can range from intense joy and euphoria to deep introspection and even distress. Negative emotional responses, often called “bad trips,” can involve fear, paranoia, and anxiety. However, these challenging experiences can also be therapeutically insightful if properly managed within a supportive setting.

At higher doses, some users report experiences that transcend personal identity and the physical world. These can include encounters with what appear to be autonomous entities, spirits, or profound realizations about the nature of reality. Such experiences are often described as being of great personal significance and can have lasting psychological impacts, influencing users’ philosophical or spiritual perspectives.

The concept of “set and setting” plays a critical role in the nature of a psychedelic experience. ‘Set’ refers to the mindset or psychological state a person brings to the experience, including their expectations, mood, and mental health. ‘Setting’ refers to the physical and social environment in which the experience occurs. Both factors can significantly influence the direction and tone of the psychedelic experience, highlighting the importance of a safe, controlled, and supportive environment for those engaging with these substances.

Different Kinds of Psychedelics

There are several well-known types of psychedelics, each with unique effects and properties.

LSD, derived from lysergic acid found in the ergot fungus, is one of the quintessential psychedelics. It is synthesized through a complex chemical process starting from ergotamine, a compound that primarily infects rye. As a lysergamide, LSD’s molecular structure includes elements of both tryptamine and phenethylamine groups. This unique composition allows it to interact not only with serotonin receptors but also with dopamine receptors, leading to its energetic and intense hallucinogenic effects, which are typically characterized by vivid visual hallucinations, altered thoughts, and significant shifts in consciousness.

Psilocybin, found in over 200 species of mushrooms, commonly referred to as “magic mushrooms,” is metabolized into psilocin in the human body. Psilocin is responsible for the psychedelic effects, which include visual distortions, enhanced emotional experiences, and profound changes in perception and thought. These mushrooms have been the subject of significant academic interest due to their potential to induce mystical experiences. Traditionally, these mushrooms have been used by indigenous peoples, such as the Mazatec of Oaxaca, Mexico, for spiritual and divinatory purposes.

Mescaline, a phenethylamine found in cacti such as peyote and San Pedro, induces effects similar to those of LSD and psilocybin, but with a distinct emphasis on vivid colors and intricate patterns. It has a rich history of use in Native American spiritual rituals and is revered for its deep, transformative spiritual experiences. In some South American cultures, the San Pedro cactus has been used for millennia, recognized for enabling users to “reach heaven while still on earth,” symbolizing its profound impact on human consciousness.

DMT, an indole alkaloid, is found in various plants and animals and has been traditionally consumed in the form of ayahuasca. This brew combines DMT-containing plants with those containing MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) like harmaline, which prevents the breakdown of DMT in the digestive system, allowing for oral consumption. Ayahuasca ceremonies, widely practiced across South America, are used for spiritual and physical healing and can last several hours. In contrast, vaporized DMT provides a brief yet intense experience, propelling users into a fully immersive, otherworldly dimension characterized by intricate visual patterns and often, encounters with sentient entities.

Early Research on Psychedelics

The study of psychedelics began in modern science in the early 20th century. Scientists became interested in how these substances affect the mind and began formal experiments. One of the earliest and most significant figures in psychedelic research was Albert Hofmann, a Swiss chemist. In 1938, Hofmann first synthesized LSD. Five years later, he accidentally absorbed some through his skin and discovered its powerful effects. This incident sparked a wave of interest in LSD’s potential uses in psychiatry.

During the 1950s and 1960s, researchers explored using LSD and other psychedelics in psychotherapy. Doctors believed these substances could help patients access repressed thoughts and emotions, potentially speeding up the therapy process. Many studies reported positive results in treating a variety of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and alcohol addiction. In addition to therapeutic uses, psychedelics were also studied for their effects on creativity and problem-solving. Experiments involved artists, scientists, and writers using LSD in controlled settings to explore its influence on their work.

This period of exploration ended abruptly in the late 1960s when psychedelics were banned in many countries. The ban was largely due to political and cultural pressures rather than scientific findings. Research nearly stopped for several decades until the resurgence of interest in the 2000s.

The Cultural and Political Climate of the 1960s

The 1960s were a time of major cultural change, and psychedelics played a central role in shaping the counterculture movement. This was a period when many young people began questioning traditional values and authority. Psychedelics, particularly LSD, became tools for exploring new ways of thinking and experiencing the world.

Music, art, and literature in the 1960s reflected the influence of psychedelics. Bands like The Beatles, The Grateful Dead, and Pink Floyd were inspired by their experiences with these substances. Psychedelics also became linked to movements that emphasized personal freedom, creativity, and spiritual exploration.

The rise of psychedelics in this era was also connected to the civil rights movement and anti-war protests. Many believed that these substances could help people develop a sense of empathy and interconnectedness, which aligned with the broader push for social change. Psychedelics were often seen as a way to reject the conformity and materialism of mainstream society.

Intellectuals and public figures, such as Timothy Leary and Aldous Huxley, openly discussed the potential of psychedelics to change society. Their ideas gained significant attention and influenced public opinion, particularly among young people.

The popularity of psychedelics during this time reflected a broader desire to break away from established norms and explore new possibilities. This cultural shift set the stage for both the widespread experimentation with psychedelics and the controversies that followed.

The Ban on Psychedelics

By the late 1960s, governments around the world began to impose strict bans on psychedelics. This shift was driven by growing concerns about their widespread use and their association with the counterculture movement. Authorities viewed psychedelics as a threat to social stability and public safety. In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin as Schedule I drugs. This meant they were considered to have no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Many other countries followed suit, enacting similar laws that criminalized the production, possession, and distribution of psychedelics.

The bans were not based on scientific evidence but rather on political and cultural pressures. Reports of misuse and exaggerated claims about the dangers of psychedelics played a significant role in shaping public opinion. Media coverage often highlighted rare negative incidents, creating a sense of fear and urgency among policymakers. The legal restrictions effectively ended most research on psychedelics for decades. Universities and laboratories that had been studying their therapeutic potential were forced to stop. Funding for psychedelic research disappeared, and the substances became stigmatized within both the scientific community and the general public.

Despite the ban, some groups continued to use psychedelics in secret, both recreationally and for spiritual purposes. These underground movements helped preserve interest in psychedelics until a new wave of research began years later. The ban remains an important moment in the history of psychedelics, as it marked the transition from scientific curiosity to prohibition.

Reviving Psychedelic Research

After the ban on psychedelics, a small group of scientists, activists, and organizations worked to reintroduce psychedelics into research and medicine. These efforts began in the 1970s and 1980s, despite the legal and cultural challenges. Rick Doblin founded the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) in 1986.

MAPS focused on showing the medical benefits of psychedelics, particularly MDMA, for conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Doblin worked tirelessly to gain approval for studies, often navigating resistance from regulatory bodies. In Europe, researchers like Amanda Feilding from the Beckley Foundation began advocating for psychedelic science. The foundation supported studies on how substances like LSD and psilocybin affect the brain. Their work helped shift public perception by producing scientific data.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, smaller studies began to emerge. Researchers worked with government agencies to secure limited permissions, often focusing on therapeutic uses or the neuroscience of psychedelics. These studies showed promising results, slowly changing the attitudes of some policymakers and the public.

The efforts of these individuals and organizations helped keep interest in psychedelics alive during a time when they were largely stigmatized. They established the foundation for larger-scale studies and a gradual acceptance of psychedelics in scientific and medical communities.

The Psychedelic Renaissance

The psychedelic renaissance began in the early 2000s when research into psychedelics started gaining wider attention. Advances in science and changes in cultural attitudes allowed for new studies on substances like psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA. This period marked the return of psychedelics to the scientific mainstream.

One of the first major studies to gain attention was conducted at Johns Hopkins University in 2006. Led by Roland Griffiths, the study focused on the effects of psilocybin in a controlled setting. Participants reported profound spiritual experiences, and many described lasting improvements in their sense of well-being. This study demonstrated that psychedelics could be used safely under proper supervision.

Another important milestone was research into the therapeutic potential of MDMA. MAPS played a key role in conducting studies on MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD. Early results showed significant improvements in patients who had not responded to traditional treatments. These findings helped convince regulatory agencies to allow further research.

During this time, researchers also began to explore the neuroscience of psychedelics. Studies using brain imaging technology, like fMRI, revealed how psychedelics affect brain activity. These findings helped explain why psychedelics produce their unique effects and supported their potential use in treating mental health conditions.

The resurgence of research attracted media attention and public interest. Scientific journals, popular books, and documentaries highlighted the promise of psychedelics, helping to reduce stigma and build support for continued exploration. This period laid the groundwork for the current wave of research and interest in psychedelics.

Safety and Toxicological Profiles of Psychedelics

Psychedelics are generally considered to have low toxicity compared to many other substances. Unlike alcohol or opioids, psychedelics like LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline have a very low risk of causing physical harm. Overdoses leading to death are extremely rare and typically involve other substances or unsafe conditions.

One important measure of a drug’s safety is its lethal dose. For most psychedelics, the lethal dose is far higher than the amount needed to produce effects. For example, the effective dose of LSD is measured in micrograms, and even large amounts are unlikely to cause physical harm. Similarly, psilocybin from mushrooms has a high safety margin, with no recorded cases of fatal toxicity from typical doses.

When compared to substances like alcohol and tobacco, psychedelics stand out as significantly less harmful. Studies have consistently shown that alcohol and tobacco rank among the most harmful drugs, largely due to their widespread use, addictive potential, and long-term health consequences. Alcohol is associated with liver disease, cancer, and accidents, while tobacco is a leading cause of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses. In contrast, psychedelics have a low risk of physical harm, do not cause dependence, and are not associated with significant long-term health issues when used responsibly.

Nevertheless, psychedelics can carry risks related to mental health. In rare cases, they may trigger or worsen conditions like psychosis in individuals with an existing history of mental illness. These risks are why it is important for people to use psychedelics in safe, supportive environments, preferably under guidance. Another safety concern is the possibility of a “bad trip,” which can involve intense fear or anxiety. These experiences are not physically dangerous but can be distressing. Researchers have found that preparation, a safe setting, and proper support can greatly reduce the likelihood of negative experiences.

Modern Studies on Psychedelics and Mental Health

In recent years, researchers have studied the potential of psychedelics to treat various mental health conditions. These studies focus on substances like psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine, often used in combination with therapy. The results have been promising and have sparked growing interest in the medical community.

Psilocybin has been studied for its effects on depression, particularly in people with treatment-resistant depression. Clinical trials have shown that a single session with psilocybin can lead to significant and lasting reductions in depressive symptoms. Participants often report feeling a new sense of clarity and emotional relief after the experience.

MDMA has been a focus of research for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies funded by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) have shown that MDMA-assisted therapy can help people process traumatic memories more effectively. Many participants experience long-term improvements, even after the therapy ends.

Ketamine, though not a traditional psychedelic, has also gained attention for its rapid effects on depression. Administered in controlled settings, ketamine can reduce symptoms within hours, making it useful for people in crisis. While it works differently from classic psychedelics, its success has helped legitimize the use of psychoactive substances in mental health care. Ongoing research is exploring other potential uses, including treating anxiety, addiction, and end-of-life distress.

The Neuroscience of Psychedelics

Psychedelics affect the brain by interacting with specific receptors, particularly the serotonin 2A receptor. Serotonin is a chemical that helps regulate mood, perception, and cognition. Psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and DMT bind to these receptors, which leads to changes in brain activity and connectivity.

One key effect of psychedelics is the disruption of the brain’s default mode network (DMN). The DMN is a system of brain regions that are active when the mind is at rest, such as during daydreaming or self-reflection. Psychedelics temporarily reduce the activity of the DMN, which may explain why users experience a reduced sense of ego or self and feel more connected to the world around them.

Psychedelics also increase communication between parts of the brain that do not usually interact. This enhanced connectivity may be why users report vivid imagery, unique insights, and changes in perception. These effects may also help the brain break out of rigid patterns of thinking, which can be useful for addressing mental health conditions like depression or addiction.

Brain imaging studies, like fMRI and PET scans, have shown how psychedelics alter activity in various regions of the brain. For example, they tend to decrease activity in the amygdala, a region involved in processing fear and emotional responses. This might help explain why psychedelics can reduce anxiety and allow people to revisit traumatic memories in a less distressing way.

Cultural Significance

Today, psychedelics hold an important place in various cultural and spiritual practices. They are used in both modern settings and traditional ceremonies, often serving as tools for self-exploration, healing, and community connection.

At events like Burning Man, psychedelics are commonly used as part of the experience. Burning Man emphasizes creativity, expression, and connection, and many participants use psychedelics to enhance these aspects. While not officially endorsed by the event, psychedelics are integrated into its culture and often used in a responsible, intentional way.

Modern shamanic retreats have also gained popularity. These retreats, often held in countries like Peru or Brazil, involve the use of ayahuasca or other plant-based psychedelics in guided ceremonies. Participants typically seek healing, insight, or spiritual growth, led by experienced facilitators or shamans. These practices draw from traditional indigenous knowledge while appealing to people from diverse backgrounds.

In urban environments, psychedelics are increasingly used in structured settings like integration circles or group therapy sessions. These spaces provide a safe environment for people to share their experiences and reflect on the insights gained from psychedelic journeys. They help bridge the gap between individual experiences and communal understanding.

Psychedelics are also influencing creative industries, including art, music, and fashion. Artists often credit these substances with inspiring their work, leading to a resurgence of interest in psychedelic aesthetics.

Modern Influence of Psychedelics

Psychedelics are shaping modern discussions in philosophy and religion by challenging traditional ideas about consciousness, self, and the nature of reality. These substances often lead to profound personal experiences that raise questions about the boundaries of the mind and the spiritual aspects of human life.

In philosophy, psychedelics are contributing to debates about the nature of consciousness. Some researchers and thinkers argue that psychedelic experiences reveal hidden layers of the mind, offering insights into how consciousness works. These experiences have led to discussions about whether consciousness is purely a product of the brain or if it connects to something larger.

Religious scholars and spiritual leaders are also exploring the role of psychedelics in spiritual practice. Many people who use psychedelics report experiences of unity, transcendence, or encounters with the divine. These experiences are often compared to traditional mystical or religious states described in texts like the Bible, the Bhagavad Gita, or Buddhist teachings.

Some modern religious groups have incorporated psychedelics into their practices. For example, the Santo Daime and União do Vegetal churches use ayahuasca in their ceremonies, combining Christian elements with indigenous traditions. These practices highlight how psychedelics are influencing contemporary forms of spirituality.

The philosophical and religious impact of psychedelics is also being studied academically. Courses and conferences now explore the intersection of psychedelics, ethics, and metaphysics. These discussions are helping to frame psychedelics not only as therapeutic tools but also as gateways to exploring some of life’s biggest questions.

Common Myths About Psychedelics

There are many myths about psychedelics that have shaped how people perceive them. These myths often come from misinformation or exaggerated stories and can create unnecessary fear or misunderstanding.

One common myth is that psychedelics cause permanent brain damage. While psychedelics can lead to intense experiences, studies have not shown evidence of long-term harm to the brain from their responsible use. The risks are acute and related to set and setting rather than the substances themselves.

Another myth is that psychedelics are addictive. Unlike substances like alcohol or opioids, psychedelics do not create physical dependence. Most users do not feel the need to take them frequently. In fact, some studies suggest they may help reduce dependency on addictive substances like nicotine or alcohol.

Many people also believe that psychedelics make you lose control or act unpredictably. In reality, these substances amplify a person’s mindset and environment. When used in safe and supportive settings, they are unlikely to lead to dangerous behavior. Proper guidance and preparation are key to avoiding negative outcomes.

There is also a myth that psychedelics are only used for recreation. While some people take them for fun, psychedelics have been used for centuries in spiritual, therapeutic, and cultural practices. Today, they are being studied for their potential to treat mental health conditions and provide meaningful experiences.

Psychedelic Analogues

While I frequently refer to “LSD” throughout the text, I have actually never taken LSD itself. Instead, I’ve used 1-Propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD or 1P-LAD). I refer to it as LSD for simplicity because there’s no practical difference in effect.

P-LSD is a functional analog of LSD, meaning they are deeply similar in their physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. Its chemical structure is nearly identical to LSD, with an added propionyl group that is cleaved off by liver enzymes, yielding LSD, which then binds to serotonin receptors.

I chose 1P-LSD because it was legally easier to obtain—being a newer research chemical, it bypassed certain controlled-substance laws. It hasn’t been declared illegal in many countries, although it’s not approved for human consumption and is sold strictly “for research.” Another advantage is that I can be more confident about the purity and dosage, as opposed to black-market LSD, which can vary widely.

The trade-off is that 1P-LSD doesn’t have the decades of scientific studies behind it that LSD does. LSD is documented in over 3,000 scientific articles since the 1950s, and millions of people have used it. By comparison, 1P-LSD is newer and far less studied. It’s very likely just a prodrug of LSD, but we can’t be completely certain. Aside from 1P-LSD (and a few similarly vetted substances), I discourage the use of most research chemicals due to a general lack of toxicological data.

Resources on Psychedelics

Organizations like the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) offer comprehensive knowledge about ongoing research, therapeutic uses, and safety guidelines. Founded by Rick Doblin, Ph.D., MAPS is a prominent authority in the field, and its website is an excellent starting point for anyone interested in the science and practice of psychedelic therapy. I’ve had the pleasure of meeting Rick Doblin twice in London at the Breaking Convention conference, and he significantly inspired me to deepen my involvement in psychedelic therapy. The Beckley Foundation is another key organization, focusing on scientific research and policy reform. It publishes studies exploring the neuroscience, therapeutic potential, and legal landscape of psychedelics. Other valuable resources include Erowid and PsychonautWiki, which provide detailed information on various substances, including user experiences and safety precautions.

Several books offer valuable insights into psychedelics. Michael Pollan’s ‘How to Change Your Mind’ (2018) explores the resurgence of psychedelic research and its potential to transform our understanding of the mind. James Fadiman’s ‘The Psychedelic Explorer’s Guide’ (2011) offers practical advice on set, setting, and integration for personal growth. Tom Shroder’s ‘Acid Test’ (1997) chronicles the underground movement of psychedelic therapy in the 1990s and the potential of these substances to heal trauma and addiction. Rick Strassman’s ‘DMT: The Spirit Molecule’ (2000) investigates the effects of DMT on the human brain and consciousness. Richard Louis Miller’s ‘Psychedelic Medicine’ (2017) provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic applications of psychedelics, covering their history, science, and clinical research. The documentary ‘Psychedelia,’ directed, written, and produced by Pat Murphy under Hard Rain Films, is a good introduction to the subject. It highlights the history of psychedelic drugs, their capacity to induce mystical experiences, and their promising role in psychiatry before the 1960s, featuring interviews with prominent figures like Rick Doblin and Julie Holland. ‘The Mind, Explained: Psychedelics’ (2021) and ‘Neurons to Nirvana’ (2013) are also good resources.

The 21st century has seen a significant shift in the scientific community’s approach to psychedelics, often referred to as the “psychedelic renaissance.” Recent studies have renewed interest in substances like psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca for conditions such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and PTSD. This resurgence is supported by critical findings that demonstrate the therapeutic potential of these substances for conditions resistant to traditional treatments, coinciding with advances in neuroimaging and neuroscience. Notably, psilocybin received the FDA’s “breakthrough therapy” designation after trials showed its rapid, sustained antidepressant effects, with a single dose combined with psychotherapy reducing depressive symptoms for up to six months in cancer patients. Additionally, a study from Johns Hopkins reported an 80% abstinence rate among smokers six months after psilocybin-assisted therapy, far exceeding traditional methods. MDMA-assisted therapy has also shown remarkable promise for PTSD, with clinical trials demonstrating high remission rates in severe cases when combined with psychotherapy, leading the FDA to grant MDMA “breakthrough” status and consider clinical approval. Modern fMRI and PET scans have revealed that psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin reduce activity in the default mode network (linked to self-referential thoughts and rigid patterns) while enhancing global brain connectivity, helping to explain the feelings of connectedness and ego dissolution often experienced during psychedelic sessions.

Robin Carhart-Harris, head of the Centre for Psychedelic Research at Imperial College London, is a leading figure in this field. I had the pleasure of meeting him at the same Breaking Convention conference, where he encouraged me to pursue neuroscience for my Master’s degree. His team’s research on the default mode network has been pivotal in bringing psychedelics into mainstream scientific discourse. Additional studies have shown that psilocybin can induce profound mystical experiences with lasting positive effects on well-being and explored its potential for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although not a classic psychedelic, ketamine’s FDA approval for treatment-resistant depression further validated the concept of rapid-acting neuroplastogens, sparking broader interest in related compounds. New theoretical frameworks, such as predictive processing and entropic brain theory, have emerged from psychedelic research, explaining how it disrupts maladaptive cognitive patterns by increasing neural flexibility. For direct access to research, Blossom Analysis, founded by Floris Wolswijk in mid-2019, is an invaluable resource. Initially cataloging around 200 publications, it has evolved into the largest database of psychedelic science in the world, now boasting over 25,000 references. The platform serves as a central repository for research papers, clinical trials, and original analyses, advancing both knowledge and understanding of psychedelics.

Appendix II

Reading this isn't required unless you want some extra context of each movie.

Doctor Strange: Volume I, Chapter 1.

Dr. Stephen Strange is a neurosurgeon whose career is halted by a car accident that damages his hands. His journey begins with an exhaustive search for healing through conventional medical means which fails. This failure leads him to Kamar-Taj, a secretive place where he discovers magic and learns that Earth is part of a vast multiverse, protected from other-dimensional threats by sorcerers. Under the tutelage of the Ancient One, Strange is skeptical but soon learns to manipulate mystical energies and the fabric of reality itself. He learns of the Time Stone, housed within the Eye of Agamotto, and gains the ability to alter and reverse time. This ability is pivotal in his battles and philosophical transformations.

The antagonist, Kaecilius, a former student of the Ancient One, believes that by allowing the Earth to be consumed by the Dark Dimension, he can achieve immortality and end human suffering by escaping the cycle of death. This conflict culminates in battles that bend the physical laws of the universe, showcasing the movie’s central theme that reality is not a fixed construct but can be altered. Strange’s growth is marked by his initial refusal to accept his new role and powers, grappling with his ego and his past identity as a surgeon. However, as he encounters the vast powers and responsibilities bestowed upon him, he comes to understand the broader implications of his actions, both in magical and mundane realms. By the film’s conclusion, Strange assumes the mantle of Sorcerer Supreme, having reconciled his scientific understanding with the mystical knowledge he has gained. His acceptance of this new role signifies a major transformation from a man of science to a protector of the mystical laws of the universe.

Ex Machina: Volume I, Chapter 3.

The plot starts with Caleb, a programmer at a large internet company, who wins a contest to spend a week at the remote home of Nathan, the company’s CEO. He discovers that his visit’s purpose is to interact with Ava, a humanoid robot, and assess if she can display human-like intelligence and consciousness. Ava is designed to appear and act human, engaging Caleb in conversations that test her cognitive and emotional depth. During these sessions, Ava demonstrates a range of human-like behaviors, questioning the boundaries between human and machine intelligence. As their interactions progress, Caleb grows increasingly concerned about the ethical implications of Ava’s confinement and treatment. He starts to view Ava not merely as a machine but as a sentient being with the potential for thoughts and emotions, challenging his initial beliefs about AI. Ava’s behavior becomes more complex as she begins to manipulate her interactions. These behaviors suggest not just programmed intelligence but also strategic thinking aimed at achieving her own goals, particularly her desire for freedom. This development raises critical questions about the nature of consciousness and the ethical treatment of artificial beings.

The film culminates in dramatic revelations about Ava’s capabilities and intentions, exploring the moral and philosophical dilemmas of creating life through artificial means. It provokes a reevaluation of the distinctions between human and machine, particularly in the context of control, freedom, and the potential future interactions between humans and AI. Throughout the narrative, the film combines suspense and ethical inquiry, culminating in dramatic revelations that force both characters and viewers to reconsider the distinctions between human and machine, and the potential future interactions between the two. As Ava’s true capabilities and intentions unfold, the film prompts a reevaluation of the meaning of intelligence, consciousness, and the value of artificial life.

Paprika: Volume I, Chapter 4.

A technology called the DC Mini that permits therapists to interact with patients’ dreams is central to the plot of a 2006 animated film. This device is crucial for psychiatric treatment and research but becomes a source of chaos when it is stolen. The film explores how this technology blurs the boundary between the real world and the dream world, creating a series of increasingly surreal events. Dr. Atsuko Chiba uses the DC Mini under the alias “Paprika” to help treat her patients. When she is not Paprika, she is a serious and reserved scientist but takes on a more lively and expressive persona within the dream world. This contrast is pivotal for understanding her character’s development and the thematic exploration of identity in the film.

The theft of the DC Mini leads to unauthorized and uncontrolled use, where dreams influence reality unchecked. This results in bizarre occurrences that begin to affect the general populace, escalating the stakes. The team responsible for the DC Mini, including Chiba, must track down the thief and contain the situation before it causes irrevocable damage to the boundary between dreams and reality. Throughout the narrative, the film presents the psychological implications of having access to such powerful technology. It examines the risks of such deep access to the human psyche, especially when security and ethical considerations are sidelined, which is precisely what happens when the device is stolen. The resolution of the film involves the characters confronting their personal issues and integrating the different aspects of their identities, mirroring the larger theme of reconciling the real and dream worlds. This synthesis is crucial for overcoming the chaos unleashed by the misuse of the DC Mini and is portrayed through the personal growth of the characters, especially Chiba and her relationship with her colleague, Dr. Kosaku Tokita.

Animatrix: Volume II, Chapter 1.

A collection of nine animated short films set in the Matrix universe, created by the Wachowskis, expands on the main story’s focus on reality, freedom, and human consciousness. This universe revolves around the Matrix itself, a simulated environment maintained by sentient machines that use human bodies for energy while keeping them unaware of the true world. Central to this narrative is the red pill and blue pill choice, where the red pill reveals an often difficult reality and the blue pill allows continued ignorance in a fabricated existence. This motif appears in different forms throughout the series, emphasizing the tension between awakening and submission.

The Animatrix explores the backstory and side plots of this world, examining themes of control, choice, and human resilience. Each short is self-contained, yet they collectively expand the mythology established in the main Matrix film. Some parts address how the machine-human conflict arose, while others look at individuals who question their simulated surroundings. Together, they illustrate how different people encounter the Matrix and handle the knowledge that their perceptions might be illusory.

Final Flight of the Osiris shows the crew of a hovercraft discovering a large force of machines preparing to strike Zion, the human city in the real world. They attempt to send a warning before the invasion begins, risking their safety in both virtual and actual realms. This short highlights the urgency of relaying critical information and the idea that those who know the truth hold a responsibility to act.

The Second Renaissance Part I & II describes the early period of cohabitation between humans and artificial intelligence, which deteriorates into conflict. These parts trace how machines rise in power after societal turmoil, finally establishing the Matrix to subjugate humans. Program is set in a feudal-style simulation and follows a soldier torn between past connections in the real world and duties within a virtual setting, examining how loyalty can be tested when illusions blur the line between reality and fabrication.

World Record focuses on an athlete whose extreme effort momentarily lifts him from the Matrix, suggesting that intense human will can disrupt digital constraints. This idea echoes the broader theme of individuals straining against unseen limits to glimpse a more genuine existence. Only some segments were watched during the session, leaving four unseen, but the viewed portions offer a glimpse of how each piece of this anthology underscores the core conflict between what is real and what is programmed.

Wonder Woman: Volume II, Chapter 2.

Diana grows up isolated from the modern world on Themyscira, an island inhabited by Amazon warriors trained in the ways of Greek mythology and combat. This upbringing instills in her a strong sense of justice and a belief in the influence of gods on earthly matters. Her life changes when Steve Trevor, an American pilot, crashes on her island and tells her about a massive conflict engulfing the world, which Diana concludes must be influenced by Ares, the god of war. Convinced she can stop World War I by defeating Ares, Diana leaves Themyscira with Steve to engage directly in the war. This decision marks the beginning of her exposure to the human world, where she encounters the complexities and moral ambiguities of human nature. Her initial black-and-white understanding of morality is challenged by the realities of war, where virtues and vices coexist confusingly in the actions of individuals and the outcomes of battles.

Throughout the film, Diana’s experiences on the battlefront serve as a harsh education in the depths of human cruelty as well as the capacity for heroism. She witnesses acts of profound bravery and severe atrocities, reshaping her understanding of what it means to be a hero. It is through these trials that she learns the limitations of her initial views on justice and the nature of evil, recognizing that human affairs are seldom as straightforward as her upbringing had led her to believe. Diana’s growth culminates in her realization that humanity must be allowed to exist with all its imperfections, and that the role of a hero is not to enforce a rigid moral order but to inspire and foster the best within humanity. This shift is portrayed through her key battles where she not only fights against enemies but also strives to protect and uplift the innocent. By the film’s end, Diana integrates her newfound knowledge of the human condition with her powers and ideals. She emerges not merely as a warrior of Themyscira but as a hero shaped by her encounters with the human world, embodying a blend of Amazonian ideals and a deep understanding of the human capacity for both good and evil. She commits to continuing her protection of humanity, inspired by both love and a recognition of humanity’s complexities.

Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: Volume II, Chapter 3.

In the 1920s, a British wizard arrives in New York City carrying a suitcase that houses a collection of magical creatures. Some of these creatures escape into the city, causing a series of events that exacerbate existing tensions within the wizarding community and between wizards and non-magical people, known as No-Majs. The American wizarding authorities, tasked with managing these tensions, find their efforts complicated by these incidents. The wizard teams up with several locals to address the ensuing chaos: a former Auror who has faced demotion, her sister who can read minds, and a non-magical person who inadvertently becomes involved in their world. This group works together to recover the lost creatures and manage larger threats that emerge, highlighting the challenges and complexities of maintaining secrecy and order in a society where not all are deemed equal.

Central to the story is the concept of the Obscurial, a dark force manifesting from a young wizard who suppresses his magical abilities due to fear of persecution. This phenomenon serves as a metaphor for the psychological damage caused by societal rejection and the suppression of one’s identity. It underscores the narrative’s examination of the harmful effects of prejudice and the importance of self-acceptance.

Throughout the film, themes of fear, acceptance, and the consequences of societal repression are explored. Characters from different backgrounds learn from each other, leading to moments of personal growth and a deeper understanding of the need for a more inclusive society. The wizarding world’s struggle with these issues mirrors real-world problems, making the film a commentary on identity and integration within a divided society. The story concludes by advocating for compassion and understanding between different groups, promoting a message that diversity should not only be tolerated but valued for the unique perspectives it offers. The narrative encourages viewers to reflect on the importance of embracing one’s true nature and the collective benefits of a society that acknowledges and celebrates its inherent diversity.